Legend
Symbols
| Symbol | Meaning |
|---|---|
| C | Companion |
| I | Instrument |
| L | Location or context |
| N | Noun |
| O | Object |
| R | Recipient or experiencer |
| S | Subject |
| STATE | Non-nominal state |
| V | Verb |
| X | Role or identity |
Case Tags
| Tag | English | Polish | Traditional question cue |
|---|---|---|---|
| mia | Nominative | Mianownik | kto? co? |
| dop | Genitive | Dopełniacz | kogo? czego? |
| cel | Dative | Celownik | komu? czemu? |
| bie | Accusative | Biernik | kogo? co? |
| nar | Instrumental | Narzędnik | z kim? z czym? |
| miejsc | Locative | Miejscownik | o kim? o czym? |
| woł | Vocative | Wołacz | o! |
Reading Patterns
When you see a pattern such as S/mia + V + O/bie, read it like this:
S/miameans the subject stands in nominative.Vis the verb or verb slot.O/biemeans the affected object stands in accusative.
The goal is not to memorize abbreviations for their own sake. The abbreviations make it easier to compare structures quickly across cases.
The question cues are included because many learners have seen them before, but they are only rough prompts. The main logic of this site runs from meaning and relation to form.